Dhaka City Map Pdf Free [UPD] Download
Dhaka City Map Pdf Free Download
The mean LST for the study period (1993 to 2020) was 29.81 degrees C with DI 0.0033 and AWBGT 0.6 (Fig. 6 ). The maximum LST was more than 50 degrees C in the year 1993, 2007 and 2020. In this study, the highest LST in the city was observed to be 44.63 degrees C in 2020. As observed in Fig. 1, Dhaka city is highly urbanized with population density and infrastructure developments. The dense infrastructure structure increased the heat distribution to the surrounding spaces and the negative impacts on HTC. The majority of the population live in houses of compounds which contain paved roads, piped water, electricity, telecommunication and drainage in Dhaka city. Micro houses with grass roofs and combined with concrete walls are commonly observed in the suburbs of Dhaka. Micro houses are suitable for the warm climate of Dhaka, as they have the lowest thermal mass and provide an even heat distribution across the whole house. These roofs were mostly made of grass and thus keep large amounts of solar radiation through light scattering and radiation less. Dhaka city is one of the world’s hottest cities that has high population density. The living environment of the city is expected to be hotter than natural vegetation since surrounding areas are cultivated with various crops which are sensitive to solar radiation. These cultivated areas have high imperviousness (Fig. 2 ) and form a significant proportion of the total land area of the city. Thus, the surrounding land area became more humid, and the hot temperature of the air and moisture entrainment increase the rate of evaporation of the surrounding humid air (Kumar et al. 2010). In addition, the built-up area of the city has the highest LST, and the other land use categories have higher LST with decreasing temperature in the order of bare soils (29.63 degrees C) > vegetation (27.27 degrees C) > water bodies (22.48 degrees C) > low land (13.9 degrees C).
Table 3 shows the mean LSTs of the percentage contributions for different land covers for 1993, 2007 and 2020 (Fig. 10). The highest mean LST was observed in the built-up area during 1993 and 2020, which was in accordance with previous studies (Ahmed et al. 2013 ; Hu et al. 2015 ; Karaku 2019 ; Pal and Ziaul 2017 ). The lowest mean LST was observed in lowland, followed by bare soil, vegetation, water bodies and finally built-up area in 2020. The percentage contributions of bare soil, vegetation, water bodies and lowland to the built-up area were increased during 19932020, respectively, while the percentage contributions of built-up and vegetation did not change. Increased LSTs in the built-up area were observed in all periods, while LSTs in bare soil and water bodies decreased during 1993–2007 and increased during 2007–2020. These results are in accordance with previous studies (Ahmed et al. 2013 ; Hu et al. 2015 ; Karaku 2019 ; Pal and Ziaul 2017 ). Ahmed et al. ( 2013 ) observed LST variations in different land covers in Dhaka city and found that the mean annual LST in bare soil was 5.9C higher than in vegetation. Similarly, in another study, Pal and Ziaul ( 2017 ) found that the mean annual LST in bare soil was 14.7C higher than in vegetation. Karaku et al. ( 2019 ) reported the variations in LSTs in different land covers in Bangladesh. They found that the built-up areas experienced a large increase in LSTs by a mean annual increase of 3.1°C. The mean annual temperature in bare soil areas and lowland areas decreased by about 0.1°C and 0.5°C, respectively, whereas the average mean annual temperature in vegetation areas increased by about 0.6°C. The increase of temperature in the bare soil areas of Dhaka was the most prominent in that study. 5ec8ef588b
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